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Web OS 10.0 Application Guide
256
Chapter 11: High Availability
212777-A, February 2002
Hot-Standby Redundancy
In a hot-standby configuration, Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is not needed to eliminate bridge
loops. This speeds up failover when a switch fails. The standby switch blocks all ports configured
as standby ports, whereas the master switch enables these same ports. Consequently, on a given
switch, all virtual routers are either master or backup; they cannot change state individually.
To provide as much flexibility as possible, the old hot-standby approach has been modified to
eliminate the problems previously associated with it and is now based on VRRP. In a hot-standby
configuration, two or more switches provide redundancy for each other. One switch is elected
master and actively processes Layer 4 traffic. The other switches (the backups) assume the master
role should the master fail. The backups may forward Layer 2 and Layer 3 traffic as appropriate.
There are three components to the VRRP-based, hot-standby model: the virtual router group,
additional Layer 4 port states, and configuration synchronization options. The hot-standby
model is shown in Figure 11-6.
Figure 11-6 Hot-Standby Redundancy
Internet
Router
Router
Active VIP 1
VIP: 205.178.13.226
Standby VIP 1
VIP: 205.178.13.226
Active VIP 2
VIP: 205.178.13.240
Standby VIP 2
VIP: 205.178.13.240
Active VIP 3
VIP: 205.178.13.110
Standby VIP 3
VIP: 205.178.13.110
Active
Hot Standby
- Web OS Switch Software 1
- 10.0 Application Guide 1
- 212777-A, February 2002 2
- Web OS 10.0 Application Guide 10
- Contents 10
- Contents 11
- Glossary 471 12
- Index 475 12
- Figures 14
- Figures 15
- Tables 18
- New Features 19
- Who Should Use This Guide 21
- Preface 22
- Typographic Conventions 23
- Contacting Us 24
- Basic IP Routing 27
- IP Routing Benefits 28
- Routing Between IP Subnets 28
- Chapter 1: Basic IP Routing 29
- Chapter 1: Basic IP Routing 30
- Example of Subnet Routing 31
- Route Cache 35
- Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 36
- DHCP Relay 41
- CHAPTER 2 43
- VLAN ID Numbers 44
- VLAN Tagging 44
- VLANs and the IP Interfaces 45
- Chapter 2: VLANs 46
- Chapter 2: VLANs 47
- Multiple Spanning Trees 51
- VLANs and Default Gateways 58
- Configuring the Local Network 60
- VLANs and Jumbo Frames 63
- Figure 2-7 Jumbo Frame VLANs 64
- Aggregate Port Trunk 65
- Statistical Load Distribution 66
- Built-In Fault Tolerance 66
- Port Trunking Example 67
- OSPF Overview 69
- ABR = Area Border Router 70
- ASBR = Autonomous System 70
- Boundary Router 70
- Types of OSPF Routing Devices 71
- Neighbors and Adjacencies 72
- The Link-State Database 72
- The Shortest Path First Tree 73
- OSPF Implementation in Web OS 74
- Defining Areas 75
- Interface Cost 77
- Summarizing Routes 77
- Default Routes 78
- Virtual Links 79
- Router ID 80
- Authentication 80
- Chapter 4: OSPF 82
- OSPF Configuration Examples 83
- Example 1: Simple OSPF Domain 84
- Example 2: Virtual Links 86
- Other Virtual Link Options 89
- Example 3: Summarizing Routes 90
- Stub Area 92
- Backbone 92
- 5. Define the backbone 97
- 6. Define the stub area 97
- Verifying OSPF Configuration 98
- Secure Switch Management 101
- Requirements 102
- Internet 103
- Web Switch User Accounts 105
- Secure Shell and Secure Copy 107
- SCP Services 108
- RSA Host and Server Keys 109
- Radius Authentication 110
- SecurID Support 110
- Configuring SSH/SCP 111
- 212777-A, February 2002 112
- Port Mirroring 113
- Part 2: Web Switching 115
- Fundamentals 115
- Web Switching Fundamentals 116
- Server Load Balancing 117
- Network Topology Requirements 122
- IP Address Ranges Using imask 129
- Configuring Multiple Services 130
- Minimum Misses 131
- Least Connections 132
- Round Robin 132
- Response Time 133
- Bandwidth 133
- Weights for Real Servers 134
- Backup/Overflow Servers 135
- Extending SLB Topologies 136
- Mapping Ports 139
- Load Balancing Metric 141
- Direct Server Interaction 142
- Layer 2 Switch 143
- Web Switch 143
- Server farm 143
- Using Proxy IP Addresses 144
- Monitoring Real Servers 145
- Normal Request 146
- DoS SYN Attack 146
- Configuring Delayed Binding 148
- Detecting SYN Attacks 148
- IP Server Load Balancing 149
- FTP Server Load Balancing 150
- Preconfiguration Tasks 152
- RTSP Implementation 156
- Using RADIUS Snooping 160
- Configuring RADIUS Snooping 161
- WAN Link Load Balancing 166
- Filtering 169
- Overview 170
- Stacking Filters 172
- Overlapping Filters 172
- The Default Filter 173
- VLAN-based Filtering 174
- Optimizing Filter Performance 176
- Filter Logs 176
- IP Address Ranges 178
- TCP Rate Limiting 179
- Chapter 7: Filtering 181
- Real serversClients 183
- Filter-based Security 185
- For UDP: 189
- Similarly, for TCP: 189
- Network Address Translation 191
- Configuring Static NAT 192
- Dynamic NAT 193
- Configuring Dynamic NAT 194
- FTP Client NAT 195
- Matching TCP Flags 197
- Matching ICMP Message Types 201
- Chapter 7: Filtering 202
- Application Redirection 203
- Client Switch 205
- RTSP Web Cache Redirection 211
- IP Proxy Addresses for NAT 213
- Excluding Noncacheable Sites 215
- Virtual Matrix Architecture 217
- Health Checking 219
- Chapter 10: Health Checking 220
- Real Server Health Checks 221
- DSR Health Checks 222
- Link Health Checks 223
- TCP Health Checks 224
- ICMP Health Checks 224
- Script-Based Health Checks 225
- Script Format 226
- Script Configuration Examples 227
- Scripting Guidelines 227
- HTTP Health Checks 231
- UDP-Based DNS Health Checks 233
- FTP Server Health Checks 234
- POP3 Server Health Checks 235
- SMTP Server Health Checks 236
- IMAP Server Health Checks 237
- NNTP Server Health Checks 238
- RADIUS Server Health Checks 239
- WAP Gateway Health Checks 240
- WSP Content Health Checks 241
- WTLS Health Checks 242
- LDAP Health Checks 243
- ARP Health Checks 245
- Failure Types 246
- High Availability 247
- VRRP Overview 248
- Virtual Router MAC Address 249
- Owners and Renters 249
- VRRP Operation 251
- Active-Standby Failover 252
- Failover Methods 253
- Active-Standby Redundancy 254
- Active-Active Redundancy 255
- Hot-Standby Redundancy 256
- Virtual Router Group 257
- Synchronizing Configurations 258
- Web OS Extensions to VRRP 259
- Master-Active VR 1 260
- Tracking VRRP Router Priority 261
- Parameter Description 262
- Task 2: SLB Configuration 269
- Task 4: Configuring Switch 2 273
- Configuration Procedure 276
- Persistent Sessions 283
- On the Master Switch 285
- On the Backup Switch 285
- If the switch is a master: 286
- If the switch is a backup: 286
- Part 3: Advanced Web 287
- Switching 287
- Advanced Web Switching 288
- Global Server Load Balancing 289
- GSLB Overview 290
- How GSLB Works 291
- Configuring GSLB 293
- How IP Proxy Works 305
- Verifying GSLB Operation 308
- Firewall Load Balancing 313
- Firewall Overview 314
- Basic FWLB 316
- Basic FWLB Implementation 317
- Configuring Basic FWLB 319
- Four-Subnet FWLB 326
- Configuring Four-Subnet FWLB 329
- Configure the Routers 330
- Configure the Firewalls 330
- Verify Proper Connectivity 337
- Advanced FWLB Concepts 346
- >> # ../group 1 347
- Note: There can be 349
- Firewall Health Checks 351
- Using HTTP Health Checks 352
- Virtual Private Network Load 353
- Balancing 353
- 7. Enable SLB 361
- 1. Turn off BOOTP 365
- 3. Turn off STP 365
- Test the VPN 369
- Content Intelligent Switching 371
- Parsing Content 373
- HTTP Header Inspection 374
- Virtual Hosting 380
- Browser-Smart Load Balancing 386
- Configuring URL Hashing 387
- Header Hash Load Balancing 389
- DNS Load Balancing 390
- Layer 7 RTSP Load Balancing 392
- Example 1: Hashing on the URL 407
- Regular Expression Matching 412
- /cfg/slb/layer7/slb/add 413
- Content Precedence Lookup 414
- Layer 7 Deny Filter 417
- Persistence 421
- Overview of Persistence 422
- Using Cookies 423
- Using SSL Session ID 423
- Cookie-Based Persistence 424
- Cookie Formats 425
- Cookie Properties 426
- Cookie Modes of Operation 427
- Passive Cookie Mode 428
- Rewrite Cookie Mode 429
- Chapter 16: Persistence 433
- Example 2: Parsing the Cookie 434
- Chapter 16: Persistence 440
- Bandwidth Management 441
- Bandwidth Policies 444
- Rate Limits 445
- Data Pacing 446
- Classification Criteria 447
- Combinations 448
- Precedence 448
- Frame Discard 449
- Cache servers 450
- Statistics Maintained 452
- Operational Keys 453
- Web Site Preference Example 460
- Security Management Example 468
- Glossary 471
- Glossary 474
- Numerics 475
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